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Historical terms:
– Peace Conference: The conference held in Paris in 1919 under the supervision of the Council of the Big Four (USA – France – England – Italy), in order to discuss the issue of security, peace, compensation, and rearranging borders in the post-World War I world.
– Peace treaties: These are the treaties imposed on Germany’s allies after World War I, the most important of which is the Treaty of Saint-Germain – Trianon (Austro-Hungarian Empire) – Neuilly (Bulgaria) – Sèvres (Ottoman Empire). It included harsh military, territorial, and economic conditions.
– Treaty of Versailles: One of the most important peace treaties imposed on Germany by the victorious countries in World War I. It was signed on June 28, 1919, and included harsh military, territorial, and financial conditions for it.
– Russian Revolution: The Bolshevik Revolution led by Lenin in Russia in 1917 AD against the Tsarist regime (Tsar Nicholas II) and led to the establishment of the Soviet Union as a socialist state.
-Soviet socialist system: An economic, social and political system based on a single party and on collective ownership of the means of production, laid down by Lenin and consolidated by Stalin.
-Lenin: Valdmir Ilyich Ulinov (1870-1924), leader of the Russian Social Democratic Party, led the Bolshevik Revolution that overthrew the Tsarist regime in Russia in October 1817 AD.
-Stalin: Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) was appointed secretary of the Communist Party in 1922 AD. He was able to seize power in 1928 AD after the death of Lenin, and eliminated his opponents. He implemented a policy of economic planning.
– New Economic Policy (NEP)It is the policy that Lenin adopted to confront the difficult circumstances that Russia was experiencing after the civil war, and it consisted of taking several measures to improve economic conditions by abandoning some socialist principles.
– Planning policy: The policy pursued by Stalin since 1928 AD is based on five-year plans with the aim of making the Soviet Union an industrial and military power and redressing its backwardness.
Liberal democracies: It means the political systems that emerged in Europe after World War I, such as Italy and France, which faced several economic, social, and political difficulties.
– The major economic crisis: An economic and financial crisis struck the capitalist world, triggered by the collapse of stocks on the Wall Street B stock exchangeUSA On October 24, 1929 AD, it then moved to the rest of the capitalist world’s countries and colonies.
– New Deal: Or the new plan, which is a number of economic and social measures taken by US President Roosevelt in 1933 AD to overcome the effects of the economic crisis of 1929 AD.
– World War II: A war that took place between the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) against the Allied powers (France, England, USA…), during the period between 1939 and 1945 AD, ending with the victory of the Allied countries.
– Bipolarity: A term given to the development witnessed in international relations after World War II, characterized by the conflict between the two eastern socialist camps led by the Soviet Union and the western capitalist camp led by USA.
– Cold War: The political, ideological and economic conflict after World War II between the Western camp under its leadership USA The Eastern bloc is led by the Soviet Union within the framework of bipolarity.
– Peaceful coexistence: A term given to the improvement witnessed in international relations after the death of Stalin (1953 AD), based on avoiding the causes of tension and limiting the arms race for fear of the comprehensive destruction of the two camps.
– Decolonization: An international term that has been used since 1960 AD, meaning an end to European colonialism in the world based on the resolution of the United Nations General Assembly on December 14, 1960 AD.
– Third World: It means the group of independent countries after World War II, which includes countries from Latin America, Africa, and Asia that suffered several economic, political, and social problems after their independence.
– Non-Aligned Movement: A movement that emerged after the intensification of competition between the communist and capitalist camps during the Cold War period. It includes Third World countries and was established under the Bandung Conference in 1955 AD. Its most important founding countries are: Egypt – India – Yugoslavia.
– New World Order: A term that appeared in the nineties of the 20th century (1991 AD) after the collapse of the communist bloc and the end of the Cold War, characterized by the dominance of the capitalist world, led by the United States of America, over the world.
– Unipolarity: A term given to the development that international relations have witnessed since 1991 AD, after the collapse of the communist bloc, characterized by the dominance of the capitalist world, led by the United States of America, over international politics.
– Assignment: An indirect system of rule, which is a system applied by the League of Nations to the countries of the Arab Levant, after the disintegration of World War I, stipulates that guardianship over these regions be assigned to one of the two countries, France and England, to provide aid and assistance during a certain period.
– Zionist movement: A global political and colonial (national-religious) movement that aimed to establish a national homeland for the Jews in Palestine. It emerged from the Basel Conference of 1897 AD.
– Palestinian resistance: The Palestinian people’s resistance to the Zionist occupation of their lands from the 1930s until now, and one of its most prominent milestones is the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization in 1964 AD, the Stone Children Intifada, and armed resistance by several Palestinian factions.
– Independence movements: Struggle movements waged by the countries of the Levant and the Maghreb during the period of European occupation of these countries. These movements varied from peaceful political struggle to armed struggle.
– The Arab-Israeli conflict: A military and political conflict waged by the Arab countries against Israel since its establishment in 1948 AD. The first Nakba in 1948 AD and the second Nakba in 1967 AD are considered one of the aspects of this conflict.
– Theodor Herzl: (1860-1904), one of the most prominent pioneers of the international Zionist movement. He was elected its president after the Basel Conference in 1897 AD. He wrote the book “The Jewish State” in 1895 AD.
– Yasser Arafat: (1929-2004) Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization since 1969 AD. He was elected President of the Palestinian National Authority in 1993 AD. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994 AD.
– Independence movements: Movements aiming for the independence of Arab countries emerged after World War II.
– The Arab-Israeli conflict: An armed conflict between the Arabs and Israel since its founding in 1948 AD, embodied in several wars that continues to this day.
– Protection contract: A contract under which protection was imposed on Morocco in 1912 AD, signed on behalf of Morocco by Sultan Moulay Abdel Hafiz, and on behalf of France by Ambassador Renault.
– Protection system: An indirect colonial system of government, imposed on Morocco in 1912 AD, stipulates the establishment of a colonial administration headed by a resident-general, in addition to a mezani administration headed by the Sultan.
– Colonial exploitation: A term given to the depletion of natural and human resources by the colonizers, which left several negative repercussions on the economy and society of the colonial countries, from which Morocco suffered under French protection.
– National Movement: A term given to the political side of the Moroccan resistance, led by an educated elite that worked to mobilize the people to oppose colonialism and achieve independence. Its emergence was linked to France’s issuance of the Barbary Decree in 1930 AD.
– Demanding reforms: The reform demands presented by the National Movement to the French authorities in 1934 concerned the economic, social and political fields.
– Demanding independence: It was linked to the document demanding independence that the National Movement (Istiqlal Party) submitted in coordination with Sultan Muhammad bin Yusuf to the French General Residency on January 11, 1944 AD, in which it demanded the abolition of the protection system because it had not produced any results.
– Completion of the territorial unit: Completing the return of the occupied Moroccan territories to Moroccan sovereignty, through negotiations and dialogue from 1956 AD until now.
Geographic terms
-GlobalizationIt is a comprehensive, multi-dimensional phenomenon that includes various areas of contemporary life. It appeared at the beginning of the 1980s in the United States of America and developed during the 1990s after the collapse of the communist camp and the technological revolution.
– Cultural identity: A system of values and representations that characterize a society, according to its historical and cultural characteristics.
+ The main actors in globalization are:
– World Bank: It is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations concerned with development. It was established after World War II.
– International Monetary Fund: An international financial institution established after World War II, it seeks to grant financial loans to the countries of the South in exchange for conditions included within the framework of the structural adjustment program.
– World Trade Organization: An international organization founded in 1945 AD, it replaced the CAT Agreement, and it seeks to liberalize international trade and resolve trade disputes between countries.
– Multinational companies: International companies whose headquarters are located in developed countries (Nordic countries) and have branches in most countries of the world. It plays a major role in the spread of investments and commodities across the world, such as Coca-Cola and Samsung.
– Non-governmental organizations: Associations that are not affiliated with governments, and they act as a primary actor in the era of globalization.
Giant cities: Global cities have a global radiance and contribute as a major actor in globalization because they embrace the headquarters of multinational companies or global stock exchanges, such as New York City (Wall Street Stock Exchange).
-Global domain: A field organized within the framework of a series of relationships and interconnections across a network of diverse and intertwined international exchange streams (immigration – tourism – financial flows…).
– Inequality between the countries of the North and the countries of the South: The recorded disparity in economic growth between the rich countries of the North and the less rich countries of the South, at the level of economic production, external exchanges, and human development indicators.
– Mediterranean field: It is a geographical field that includes all countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea, and its countries are classified into northern countries (European countries) and southern countries (Afro-Asian countries). This field is characterized by economic and social disparities between its northern and southern shores.
– Dominant areas: They are the three main economic centers in the world: the United States of America – Western Europe – Japan. They control most of the economic activities and trade exchanges.
– Integrated areas: These are areas with an economy based on manufacturing with a positive trade balance, such as newly industrialized countries and emerging economic powers.
– Areas in the process of integration: Areas that produce basic materials, such as petroleum, or where industrialization has made important strides, such as countries in Eastern Europe and South America.
– European Union: A regional economic bloc that was established under the Maastricht Agreement in 1992, and entered into force in 1993. It includes 27 European countries (after Britain’s withdrawal), and the European Union seeks to achieve financial, economic, and social integration.
– North American group: A group of three countries: the United States of America, Mexico, and Canada. In 1992, these countries signed a free trade agreement that entered into force in 1994.
– Association of Southeast Asian Nations: An economic bloc that includes 10 countries from Southeast Asia, such as Singapore and Indonesia. This economic bloc was established in 1967 and seeks to achieve free trade and combat piracy.
– Comprehensive integration: An advanced stage of integration between the economies of countries, in which the national economy becomes linked and interacting with the economies of other countries.
– Regional integration: The merging of the economies of certain countries with each other with the aim of achieving economic and social growth, and the formation of an economic bloc among them.
– Free exchange: A system of international trade based on the absence of customs and other barriers to the passage of goods and services.
– Great economic power: It means the United States of America because of its huge production, the strength of its trade, and its dominance in the world.
– Agricultural and industrial power in the European Union: It means France, given that its agriculture and industry are pioneers at the level of the European Union, due to its position in production and exports in Europe and globally.
– A major commercial power: It means the commercial power of Japan due to the value and quality of its industrial products, its global influence, and the percentage of its contribution to global trade
– Human qualification: Supporting the individual’s special abilities to make them respond to the needs required by society.
– Rising economic power: Every power has rapid economic growth due to good investment of its various resources, and one of the indicators of this power is the rise in the gross domestic product, and China is considered a model for this.
– Modern economic growth: It is evident in the growth witnessed by the gross domestic product and the positive development of human development indicators, and one example of this is South Korea
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